Digital Boundaries: A Review of Clinical and Ethical Issues in Telepsychology among Mental Health Professionals

Jeric Manalili

doi:10.48017/dj.v9iSpecial1.2870

Autores

Jeric Manalili Far Eastern University, Institute of Arts and Sciences- Graduate School. Nicanor Reyes St. Manila, Philippines

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v9iSpecial1.2870

Palavras-chave:

assessment, confidentiality, online therapy

Resumo

Com a epidemia de COVID-19 a começar no início de 2020, a migração involuntária em massa para a terapia online mudou drasticamente o cenário. Por isso, os profissionais de saúde mental precisam de estar conscientes do facto de que as suas obrigações éticas tradicionais ainda se mantêm, mesmo quando utilizam a tecnologia para oferecer um serviço. Este estudo de escopo examinou a aplicabilidade da telepsicologia entre profissionais de saúde mental, bem como suas preocupações éticas e clínicas. Existe um consenso geral neste estudo de que fornecer tratamentos de saúde mental aos clientes através da telepsicologia é uma opção realista e prática, tanto antes como depois da epidemia. Havia um padrão claro de que as preocupações clínicas mais prevalentes eram a comunicação não verbal restrita entre o terapeuta e o cliente, dificuldades de comunicação na relação terapêutica, inadequação para alguns transtornos de saúde mental e exaustão do médico. Por outro lado, a privacidade e o sigilo, o treinamento e a instrução insuficientes em telepsicologia, as preocupações relacionadas aos limites, as regras telepsicológicas insuficientes e o tratamento de emergências eram questões éticas significativas. Estas descobertas abrem a porta à telepsicologia, um método viável de fornecer tratamentos de saúde mental e psicossociais que visam alcançar clientes através de fronteiras geográficas e continuar o trabalho transformador de promover a mudança, a cura e o crescimento entre os clientes. A compreensão destes problemas torna mais fácil para os profissionais de saúde mental responder a futuras emergências de saúde pública e outras catástrofes naturais.

Métricas

Carregando Métricas ...

Biografia do Autor

Jeric Manalili, Far Eastern University, Institute of Arts and Sciences- Graduate School. Nicanor Reyes St. Manila, Philippines

0009-0002-3810-9565; Far Eastern University, Institute of Arts and Sciences- Graduate School. Nicanor Reyes St. Manila, Philippines. manalilijeric.06@gmail.com, 2020036751@feu.edu.ph

Referências

Adjorlolo, S., & Chan, H. C. (2015). Forensic assessment via videoconferencing: Issues and practice considerations. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 15(3), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228932.2015.1015363

American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct: 2010 Amendments. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code

Baker, K. D., & Ray, M. (2011). Online counseling: The good, the bad, and the possibilities. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(4), 341-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2011.632875

Barnett, J. E., & Scheetz, K. (2003). Technological advances and telehealth: Ethics, law, and the practice of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 40, 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.40.1-2.86

Békés V, Aafjes-van Doorn K, Luo X, Prout TA and Hoffman L (2021) Psychotherapists’ Challenges With Online Therapy During COVID-19: Concerns About Connectedness Predict Therapists’ Negative View of Online Therapy and Its Perceived Efficacy Over Time. Front. Psychol. 12:705699. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705699

Berger, M., Wagner, T. H., & Baker, L. C. (2005). Internet use and stigmatized illness. Social science & medicine, 61(8), 1821-1827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.025

Campbell, L. F., Millán, F. A., & Martin, J. N. (2018). A telepsychology casebook: Using technology ethically and effectively in your professional practice. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000046-000

Cipolletta, S., & Mocellin, D. (2018). Online counseling: An exploratory survey of Italian psychologists’ attitudes towards new ways of interaction. Psychotherapy Research, 28(6), 909-924. http://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1259533

Cooper, S. E., Campbell, L. F., & Smucker Barnwell, S. (2019). Telepsychology: A primer for counseling psychologists. The Counseling Psychologist, 47(8), 1074-1114. http://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019895276

Drum, K. B., & Littleton, H. L. (2014). Therapeutic boundaries in telepsychology: Unique issues and best practice recommendations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(5), 309. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036127

Fisher, C. B., & Fried, A. L. (2003). Internet-mediated psychological services and the American Psychological Association ethics code. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 40(1-2), 103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.40.1-2.103

Gamble, N., Boyle, C., & Morris, Z. A. (2015). Ethical practice in telepsychology. Australian Psychologist, 50(4), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12133

Gega, L., Smith, J., & Reynolds, S. (2013). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for depression by computer vs. therapist: patient experiences and therapeutic processes. Psychotherapy Research, 23(2), 218-231. http://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.76694

Germain, V., Marchand, A., Bouchard, S., Drouin, M. S., & Guay, S. (2009). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy administered by videoconference for posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(1), 42-53. http://doi.org/10.1080/16506070802473494

Godine, N., & Barnett, J. E. (2013). The use of telepsychology in clinical practice: Benefits, effectiveness, and issues to consider. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology, and Learning (IJCBPL), 3(4), 70-83. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2013100105

Goldschmidt, Langa, Masilela, Ndhlovu, Mncina, Maubane, and Bujela (2021) Telepsychology and the COVID-19 pandemic: the experiences of psychologists in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, Vol. 51(2) 314–324 https://doi.org/10.1177/008124632199328

Grohol, J. M. (2003). The road online to empowered clients and empowered providers. Telepsychiatry and e-Mental Health. First ed. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd, 337-348. https://rb.gy/kqrrf

Hailey, D., Roine, R., Sc Ohinmaa, A. (2008). The effectiveness of telemental health applications: A review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(11), 769-778. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437080530110

Hardy, Maier, and Gregson (2020) Couple teletherapy in the era of COVID-19: Experiences and recommendations. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. http://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12501

Hertlein, Blumer, and Mihaloliakos (2015) Marriage and Family Counselors’ Perceived Ethical Issues Related to Online Therapy. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, Vol. 23(1) 5-12 https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480714547184

Ibragimov, K., Palma, M., Keane, G., Ousley, J., Crowe, M., Carreño, C., ... & Llosa, A. (2022). Shifting to Tele-Mental Health in humanitarian and crisis settings: an evaluation of Médecins Sans Frontières experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conflict and health, 16(1), 1-15. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-022-00437-1

Johnson, G. R. (2014). Toward uniform competency standards in telepsychology: A proposed framework for Canadian counselors. Canadian Psychology, 55(4), 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038002

Keenan, Tsourtos, and Tieman (2022) Promise and peril-defining ethical telehealth practice from the clinician and patient perspective: A qualitative study. Digital Health Volume 8: 1–17 http://doi.org/10.1177/20552076211070394

Kinsella, A. (2005). Telehealth in hospice care, or telehospice: a new frontier of telehealth service delivery. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 8(4), 711-712. http://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2005.8.711

Kramer, G. M., Kinn, J. T., & Mishkind, M. C. (2015). Legal, regulatory, and risk management issues in the use of technology to deliver mental health care. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 22(3), 258-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.04.008

Lin, T., Stone, S. J., Heckman, T. G., & Anderson, T. (2021). Zoom-in to zone-out: Therapists report less therapeutic skill in telepsychology versus face-to-face therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychotherapy, 58(4), 449. http://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000398

Magaletta, P. R., Fagan, T. J., & Ax, R. K. (1998). Advancing psychology services through telehealth in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29(6), 543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.29.6.543

Magaletta, P. R., Fagan, T. J., & Peyrot, M. F. (2000). Telehealth in the federal bureau of prisons: Inmates' perceptions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(5), 497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.31.5.497

Maheu, M. M., & Gordon, B. L. (2000). Counseling and therapy on the Internet. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(5), 484. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.31.5.484

Maheu, M. M., Pulier, M. L., McMenamin, J. P., & Posen, L. (2012). Future of telepsychology, telehealth, and various technologies in psychological research and practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(6), 613. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029458

Mallen, M. J., Vogel, D. L., Rochlen, A. B., & Day, S. X. (2005). Online counseling: Reviewing the literature from a counseling psychology framework. The Counseling Psychologist, 33(6), 819-871. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005278624

Manhal-Baugus, M. (2001). E-therapy: Practical, ethical, and legal issues. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4(5), 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493101753235142

Miller, T. W., Elliott, B., Long, K., Mazenac, C., & Moder, M. (2006). Telehealth home health applications for adults with developmental disabilities. Telemedicine Journal & e-Health, 12(2), 137-145. http://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2006.12.137

Naal, H., Whaibeh, E., & Mahmoud, H. (2021). Guidelines for primary health care-based telemental health in a low-to middle-income country: the case of Lebanon. International Review of Psychiatry, 33(1-2), 170-178. http://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1766867

Nickelson, D. W. (1996). Behavioral telehealth: Emerging practice, research, and policy opportunities. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 14, 443–457. https://doi.org/cmh7nm

Perrin, P. B., Rybarczyk, B. D., Pierce, B. S., Jones, H. A., Shaffer, C., & Islam, L. (2020). Rapid telepsychology deployment during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A special issue commentary and lessons from primary care psychology training. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(6), 1173-1185. http://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22969

Peters, M. D., Godfrey, C. M., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Parker, D., & Soares, C. B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Implementation, 13(3), 141-146. https://doi.org/gdkzzq

Peters, M. D., Godfrey, C., McInerney, P., Munn, Z., Tricco, A. C., & Khalil, H. (2017). Scoping reviews. Joanna Briggs Institute reviewer’s manual, 2015, 1-24. https://rb.gy/9km65

Recupero, P. R., & Rainey, S. E. (2005). Informed consent to e-therapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 59(4), 319-331. https://doi.org/kgkm

Regueiro, V. (2016). Efficacy, efficiency, and ethics: The integration of psychology and technology in a post-modern world. Biola University. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711604400404

Rochlen, A. B., Land, L. N., & Wong, Y. J. (2004). Male restrictive emotionality and evaluations of online versus face-to-face counseling. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(2), 190. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.5.2.190

Schopp, L. H., Johnstone, B., & Reid-Arndt, S. (2005). Telehealth brain injury training for rural behavioral health generalists: Supporting and enhancing rural service delivery networks. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(2), 158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.2.158

Shapiro, D. E., & Schulman, C. E. (1996). Ethical and legal issues in e-mail therapy. Ethics & Behavior, 6(2), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb0602_3

Shaw, H. E., & Shaw, S. F. (2006). Critical ethical issues in online counseling: Assessing current practices with an ethical intent checklist. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00378.x

Shore, J. H., Brooks, E., Savin, D., Orton, H., Grigsby, J., & Manson, S. M. (2008). Acceptability of telepsychiatry in American Indians. Telemedicine and e-Health, 14(5), 461-466. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2007.0077

Simpson, J., Doze, S., Urness, D., Hailey, D., & Jacobs, P. (2001). Telepsychiatry as a routine service-the perspective of the patient. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 7(3), 155-160. http://doi.org/10.1258/1357633011936318

Smit, B., & Scherman, V. (2021). Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software for scoping reviews: A case of ATLAS. ti. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 16094069211019140. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211019140

Smith, H. A., Allison, R. A., & Rockville, M. D. (1998). Telemental health: Delivering mental health care at a distance. Unpublished summary report, US Department of Health and Human Services, Office for the Advancement of Telehealth, Rockville, MD. https://rb.gy/4tm3k

Stoll, J., Müller, J. A., & Trachsel, M. (2020). Ethical issues in online psychotherapy: A narrative review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 993. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsy.2019.00993

Tao Lin, Suzannah J. Stone & Timothy Anderson (2021): Treating from Afar: Mental Health Providers’ Challenges and Concerns During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Behavioral Medicine. http://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2021.1908217

VandenBos, G. R., & Williams, S. (2000). The Internet versus the telephone: What is telehealth anyway? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(5), 490. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.31.5.490

Wasem, C., & Puskin, D. (2000). High-tech with the human touch: Using telehealth to reach America's children. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.31.1.3

Whitten, P. (2007). Using Telecommunication Technologies to Deliver Home-Based Care to Seniors. https://doi.org/10.1037/11557-012

Wilson, J. A., & Wells, M. G. (2009). Telehealth and the deaf: a comparison study. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14(3), 386-402. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enp008

Wood, J. A., Miller, T. W., & Hargrove, D. S. (2005). Clinical supervision in rural settings: A telehealth model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(2), 173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.2.173

Zur, O. (2012). Telepsychology or Tele mental health in the digital age: The future is here. California Psychologist, 45(1), 13-15. https://rb.gy/h5wxg