Exploring Youth Perspectives on Ecotourism in the San Bernardino Islands: Insights into Sustainability and Conservation

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v10i4.3521

Keywords:

environmental ethics, responsible tourism, sustainable development, sustainable tourism, youth engagement

Abstract

Youth engagement in ecotourism plays a crucial role in advancing sustainability, yet their perspectives remain underexplored, particularly in culturally and ecologically significant settings in the Philippines. This study examines how youth from Bulusan, Sorsogon in the Philippines experience and interpret ecotourism in the San Bernardino Islands (SBI), a remote and relatively unexplored ecotourism site. Using a psychological phenomenological approach, the lived experiences of ten youth participants aged 15 to 24 were investigated through in-depth interviews and with results thematically analyzed. Findings reveal that youth conceptualize ecotourism as a purposeful and reflective practice, anchored in environmental responsibility, cultural pride, and ethical decision-making. Themes such as redefining adventure with purpose, active environmental participation, appreciation for untouched nature, and ecotourism as cultural continuity emerged as central to their narratives. The study highlights a generational shift toward value-driven and community-oriented tourism practices. By foregrounding the voices of youth in Bulusan, this study deepens understanding of how local identities shape sustainability and ecotourism practices in the SBI.

Author Biographies

Aaron Funa, Sorsogon State University, Sorsogon City, Philippines

 0000-0002-6648-8825; College of Health and Science, Sorsogon State University, Sorsogon City, Philippines. funa.aaron@sorsu.edu.ph

Renz Alvin Gabay, Sorsogon State University, Sorsogon City, Philippines

0000-0002-8108-4589; College of Teacher Education, Sorsogon State University, Sorsogon City, Philippines. gabay.renzalvin@sorsu.edu.ph

References

Admasu, S. (2020). Ecotourism as a tool to substantially funding conservation endeavors in Ethiopia. J. Tourism Hospit, 9(3), 432. https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0269.20.9.432

Adom, D. (2019). The place and voice of local people, culture, and traditions: A catalyst for ecotourism development in rural communities in Ghana. Scientific African, 6, e00184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00184

Ajoon, E., & Rao, Y. (2020). A study on consciousness of young travelers towards regenerative tourism: With reference to Puducherry. Journal of Tourism Economics and Applied Research, 4(1), 1-10. https://jtear.uoctourism.com/publication/2020volume1/regenerativetourism.pdf

Ardhita, Z., & Ferdiansyah, S. (2024). Community participation in marine ecotourism development: a qualitative systematic review. Local Environment, 30(4), 463–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2024.2436031

Baloch, Q. B., Shah, S. N., Iqbal, N., Sheeraz, M., Asadullah, M., Mahar, S., & Khan, A. U. (2023). Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: A suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5917-5930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research a practical guide for Beginners. MTM.

Chan, J. K. L., & Saikim, F. H. (2022). Exploring the ecotourism service experience framework using the dimensions of motivation, expectation and ecotourism experience. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(4), 425-443. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584211056860

Chan, J. K. L., Marzuki, K. M., & Mohtar, T. M. (2021). Local community participation and responsible tourism practices in ecotourism destination: A case of lower Kinabatangan, Sabah. Sustainability, 13(23), 13302. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313302

Chand, N. N. (2020). Ecotourism in New Zealand: A Catalyst for Sustainable Development. Auckland University of Technology

Checkoway, B. (2011). What is youth participation? Children and Youth Services Review, 33(2), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.09.017

Chin, C. L., Moore, S. A., Wallington, T. J., & Dowling, R. K. (2000). Ecotourism in Bako National Park, Borneo: Visitors’ perspectives on environmental impacts and their management. Journal of sustainable tourism, 8(1), 20-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667347

Chrastina, P., Hronček, P., Gregorová, B., & Žoncová, M. (2020). Land-use changes of historical rural landscape—Heritage, protection, and sustainable ecotourism: Case study of Slovak Exclave Čív (Piliscsév) in Komárom-Esztergom County (Hungary). Sustainability, 12(15), 6048. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156048

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE.

Dangi, T. B., & Gribb, W. J. (2021). Sustainable ecotourism management and visitor experiences: Managing conflicting perspectives in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA. In Stakeholders Management and Ecotourism (pp. 136-156). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1502250

Dumilag, R. V., Malto, M. A. D., Longavela, M. R., Orgela, E. G., Calaminos, F. P., Legarde, F. G., ... & Mendoza, L. C. (2023). Seaweed Fish Baits in Bulusan, Sorsogon, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science, 152(3). https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.08

Fajar, F., Setyowati, D. L., Arsal, T., & Rosilawati, A. (2023). River Environment Preservation Movement for the Sustainability of Ecotourism Programs. Proceedings of International Conference on Science, Education, and Technology, 9(1), 241–249. Retrieved from https://proceeding.unnes.ac.id/ISET/article/view/2425

Funa, A. A., Gabay, R. A., Ibardaloza, R. T., & Limjap, A. A. (2022). Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of teachers and students toward sustainable development of pili (Canarium ovatum). Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 41(3), 569–585. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i3.42407

Funa, A. A., Gabay, R. A. E., Estonanto, A. J. J., & Prudente, M. S. (2022). Development and validation of online survey ınstrument on sustainable development for science teachers: Focus on pili (canarium ovatum): Research Article. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 19(2), 599-576. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2022.137

Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International journal of qualitative methods, 3(1), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690400300

Husserl, E. (2001). The shorter logical investigations. Routledge. ISBN: 9780415241922

Jin, Z., & Gao, M. (2025). Global trends in research related to ecotourism: A bibliometric analysis from 2012 to 2022. SAGE Open, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251316718

Kiper, T. (2013). Role of ecotourism in sustainable development. InTech. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55749

Kumar, O. P. (2023). Community-based ecotourism in rural India: A case study of environmental conservation and economic empowerment. International Journal of Emerging Knowledge Studies. 2(11). 521-528.

Kunchamboo, V., & Little, V. (2023). Four ecotourism archetypes: expressing symbolic desires. Journal of Ecotourism, 22(4), 502-517. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2022.2077355

Kunjuraman, V., Hussin, R., & Aziz, R. C. (2022). Community-based ecotourism as a social transformation tool for rural community: A victory or a quagmire?. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 39, 100524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100524

Larsen, H. G., & Adu, P. (2021). The theoretical framework in phenomenological research: Development and application. Routledge.

LGU Bulusan (2019). Mapping of Significant Tangible Immovable Heritage: San Bernardino Lighthouse. National Commission for Culture and The Arts.

Li, T., Liu, F., & Soutar, G. N. (2021). Experiences and value perceptions of an ecotourism trip–an empirical study of outbound Chinese tourists. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(3), 333-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1804736

Lim, T. Y., Chan, M. W. T., Leong, C. M., & Chin, C. H. (2023). To visit and preserve an ecotourism destination? The moderating effect of the sense of responsibility. Journal of Responsible Tourism Management, 3(1), 24-43. https://doi.org/10.47263/JRTM.03-01-03

Lindberg, K., Enriquez, J., & Sproule, K. (1996). Ecotourism questioned: Case studies from Belize. Annals of tourism research, 23(3), 543-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00074-7

Makindi, S. M. (2016). Local communities, biodiversity conservation and ecotourism: A case study of the Kimana Community Wildlife Sanctuary, Kenya. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 5(3).

Mondal, S., & Samaddar, K. (2022). Responsible tourism towards sustainable development: Literature review and research agenda. Trends in Asia Pacific Business and Management Research, 85-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2021.1857963

Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. SAGE Publications.

Mulyani, S., Ahsani, R. D. P., & Wijaya, D. N. (2021). Collaborative Governance on Ecotourism: Towards Sustainable Tourism Development. Jurnal Borneo Administrator, 17(3), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v17i3.958

Phelan, A., Ruhanen, L., & Mair, J. (2020). Ecosystem services approach for community-based ecotourism: towards an equitable and sustainable blue economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1665-1685. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1747475

Phoek, I. C. A., Tjilen, A. P., & Cahyono, E. (2021). Analysis of Ecotourism, Culture and Local Community Empowerment: Case Study of Wasur National Park-Indonesia. Macro Management & Public Policies, 3(2), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.30564/mmpp.v3i2.3414

Pollard, W., Rajendran, D., Sendjaya, S., & Neesham, C. (2023). Organisational culture and effectiveness in ecotourism: the case of World-Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms Australia (WWOOF Australia). Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 28(2), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2023.2207683

Purnamawati, I. G. A., Jie, F., & Hatane, S. E. (2022). Cultural change shapes the sustainable development of religious ecotourism villages in Bali, Indonesia. Sustainability, 14(12), 7368. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127368

Samal, R., & Dash, M. (2023). Ecotourism, biodiversity conservation and livelihoods: Understanding the convergence and divergence. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 11(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.11.001

Sangpikul, A., & Batra, A. (2007). Ecotourism: A Perspective from Thai Youths. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education (Oxford Brookes University), 6(1). https://doi.org/10.3794/johlste.61.153

Sonjai, N. P., Bushell, R., Hawkins, M., & Staiff, R. (2021). Community-based ecotourism: beyond authenticity and the commodification of local people. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3), 252-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1503502

Stanciu, M., Popescu, A., Sava, C., Moise, G., Nistoreanu, B. G., Rodzik, J., & Bratu, I. A. (2022). Youth’s perception toward ecotourism as a possible model for sustainable use of local tourism resources. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 940957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.940957

Suleimany, M., Mokhtarzadeh, S., & Sharifi, A. (2022). Community resilience to pandemics: An assessment framework developed based on the review of COVID-19 literature. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 103248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103248

Surban, A. L. N., Marbella, F. D. (2022). Istoryang Turismo ng Bulusan. Research and Analysis Journal, 5(12), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.18535/raj.v5i12.376

Tajer, E., & Demir, S. (2022). Ecotourism strategy of UNESCO city in Iran: Applying a new quantitative method integrated with BWM. Journal of Cleaner Production, 376, 134284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134284

Tauro, A., Ojeda, J., Caviness, T., Moses, K. P., Moreno-Terrazas, R., Wright, T., ... & Rozzi, R. (2021). Field environmental philosophy: a biocultural ethic approach to education and ecotourism for sustainability. Sustainability, 13(8), 4526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084526

Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042

United Nations (2023). Youth. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/youth

United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals

Walker, K., & Moscardo, G. (2014). Encouraging sustainability beyond the tourist experience: ecotourism, interpretation and values. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(8), 1175-1196. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.918134

Weaver, D. B. (2001). Ecotourism as mass tourism: Contradiction or reality? Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(2), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010880401422010

Xu, L., Ao, C., Liu, B., & Cai, Z. (2023). Ecotourism and sustainable development: A scientometric review of global research trends. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(4), 2977-3003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02190-0

Downloads

Published

2025-11-14

How to Cite

Funa, A., & Gabay, R. A. (2025). Exploring Youth Perspectives on Ecotourism in the San Bernardino Islands: Insights into Sustainability and Conservation. Diversitas Journal, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v10i4.3521

Issue

Section

Public and Business Administration, Accounting and Tourism