The Impact of Calcium Initiative (Ca-In) Program on Parental Compliance: A Quasi-Experimental Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v11iSpecial_1.3807Keywords:
bone health, , community health nursing, meal planning, nutritional education, pre-and post intervention analysisAbstract
Calcium alongside micronutrients is an other essential nutritional component that is fundamental to ensuring bone health and development in children. This study aimed to assess the difference in parental compliance with dietary calcium meal plans after Calcium Initiative (Ca-In) program implementation while identifying compliance variations based on demographic profile. The researchers used a quantitative quasi-experimental design, specifically a single-group pre-and post-intervention approach to evaluate compliance. A snowball sampling technique was employed to recruit parents with early school-aged children from the locale, leveraging their network and referrals to expand the sample size. The intervention was structured to provide valuable insights into dietary calcium practices through an information triad — Calcium Micronutrient Briefer, Calcium Basket Video, and Calcium Wheel Pamphlet. Pre-intervention dietary calcium meal plan compliance averaged x̄=2.623. Strikingly, the post-intervention compliance increased by 0.377, demonstrating moderate compliance, although demographic factors revealed no significant impact on compliance levels. Building on these findings, a comprehensive campaign was crafted to enhance parental education initiatives to optimize and sustain dietary adherence in community health settings. The study advances the discourse on preventive child health and underscores the potential of targeted health education programs in mitigating nutrient deficiencies. Scaling such interventions across underserved communities could further integrate calcium dietary practices into primary health promotion. Future studies should focus on increasing the sample size and applying rigorous probability sampling techniques to enhance the generalizability and transferability of the results. Hence, this research is epitomized by the maxim 'Healthy Children, Healthy Communities, Healthy Society.'
References
Bagaipo, E. M. C., & Napiere, M. B. (2024). Participants’ Compliance to Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program: Implications on Their Living Conditions. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i61414
Berge, J. M., Larson, N., Bauer, K. W., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2011). Are Parents of Young Children Practicing Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviors? Pediatrics. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/127/5/881/64893/Are-Parents-of-Young-Children-Practicing-Healthy?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Chaudhari, R., & Dadheech, V. (2023). The Long-Term Effects of Untreated Calcium Deficiency in Children, Including its Effect on Bone Health and Overall Growth. Epra Journals. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra13420
Coccia, C., Frazier, S., & Campa, A. (2019). NP31 Development of the Family Meal Project: A Family Nutrition Ecosystem Intervention to Prevent Childhood Overweight/Obesity. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 51(7), S24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2019.05.355
Cohen, J., Richardson, S., Parker, E., Catalano, P., & Rimm, E. (2014). Impact of the New U.S. Department of Agriculture School Meal Standards on Food Selection, Consumption, and Waste. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(4), 388–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.11.013
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). Dietary Assessment: A resource guide to method selection and application in low resource settings. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3dc75cfc-9128-4f29-9d76-8d1f792078f0/content
French, S., Tangney, C., Crane, M., Wang, Y., & Appelhans, B. (2019). Nutrition quality of food purchases varies by household income: The SHoPPER study. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6546-2
Gobel, P., Ercan, A., & Bayram, S. (2020). The impact of nutrition education of parents on food choices of their children. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health, 4(9), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.31080/asnh.2020.04.0755
Horiuchi, Y., Kusama, K., Sar, K., & Yoshiike, N. (2019). Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing dietary macronutrients and calcium intake in Cambodian school-aged children. Nutrition Journal, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0437-3
Hossain, M., Choudhury, N., Abdullah, K. A. B., Mondal, P., Jackson, A. A., Walson, J., & Ahmed, T. (2017). Evidence-based approaches to childhood stunting in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Journals. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311050
Jansen, E., Smith, K., Thapaliya, G., Sadler, J., Aghababian, A., & Carnell, S. (2022). Associations of mothers’ and fathers’ structure-related food parenting practices and child food approach eating behaviors during the COVID pandemic. Physiology & Behavior, 252, 113837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113837
Kirk, A., Kilic, T., & Carletto, C. (2018). Composition of Household Income and Child Nutrition Outcomes Evidence from Uganda. World Development, 109, 452–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.023
Lv, N., & Brown, J. L. (2010). Impact of a Nutrition Education Program to Increase Intake of Calcium-Rich Foods by Chinese-American Women. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.005
Manippa, V., Padulo, C., van der Laan, L., & Brancucci, A. (2017). Gender Differences in Food Choice: Effects of Superior Temporal Sulcus Stimulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00597
Marshall, A. N., Chuang, R.-J., Chow, J., Ranjit, N., Dave, J. M., Mathur, M., Markham, C., & Sharma, S. V. (2022). Food Insecurity among Low-Income Households with Children Participating in a School-Based Fruit and Vegetable Co-Op. Children, 9(8), 1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081250
Meffert, C., & Gerdes, N. (2010). Program Adherence and Effectiveness of a Commercial Nutrition Program: The Metabolic Balance Study. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/197656
Mkandawire, E., Bisai, C., Dyke, E., Dressel, A., Kantayeni, H., Molosoni, B., Kako, P., Gondwe, K., & Mkandawire-Valhmu, L. (2022). A qualitative assessment of gender roles in child nutrition in Central Malawi. BMC public health, 22(1), 1392. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13749-x
Narayanam, H., Chinni, S., & Samuggam, S. (2021). The Impact of Micronutrients-Calcium, Vitamin D, Selenium, Zinc in Cardiovascular Health: A Mini Review. Frontiers in Physiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.742425
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2023). Teenage Pregnancy Declined from 8.6 percent in 2017 to 5.4 percent in 2022 | Philippine Statistics Authority. Psa.gov.ph. https://psa.gov.ph/content/teenage-pregnancy-declined-86-percent-2017-54-percent-2022
Ravikumar, D., Spyreli, E., Woodside, J., McKinley, M., & Kelly, C. (2022). Parental perceptions of the food environment and their influence on food decisions among low-income families: a rapid review of qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12414-z
Romanos-Nanclares, A., Zazpe, I., Santiago, S., Marín, L., Rico-Campà, A., & Martín-Calvo, N. (2018). Influence of Parental Healthy-Eating Attitudes and Nutritional Knowledge on Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality among Preschoolers: The SENDO Project. Nutrients, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121875
Salvador, J. T., Sauce, B. R. J., Alvarez, M. O. C., & Rosario, A. B. (2016). The Phenomenon of Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 12(32), 173. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n32p173
Sarkar, P., Rifat, M., Bakshi, P., Talukdar, I., Pechtl, S., Battle, T., & Saha, S. (2023). How is parental education associated with infant and young child feeding in Bangladesh? a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15173-1
Seward, K., Wolfenden, L., Finch, M., Wiggers, J., Wyse, R., Jones, J., Gillham, K., & Yoong, S. L. (2016). Multistrategy childcare-based intervention to improve compliance with nutrition guidelines versus usual care in long day care services: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010786
Siedlecki S. (2020). Understanding Descriptive Research Designs and Methods. Clinical nurse specialist CNS, 34(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0000000000000493
Somboonkul, P., & Sukmag P. (2020). Effect of nutrition promoting program in school on parental food providing behavior for primary school children in Kuanroo Sub-district, Rattaphum District, Songkhla Province. Journal of Health Science of Thailand, 29(5), 847–854. https://thaidj.org/index.php/JHS/article/view/9476
Stenhammar, C., Sarkadi, A., & Edlund, B. (2007). The role of parents' educational background in healthy lifestyle practices and attitudes of their 6-year-old children. Public health nutrition, 10(11), 1305–1313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007696396
Syauqan, T. M., & Muzayanah, I. F. U. (2024). Smarter Parents, Better Children Nutrition?. Jurnal Bina Praja, https://jurnal.kemendagri.go.id/index.php/jbp/article/view/2275
Taylor, C., Wernimont, S., Northstone, K., & Emmett, P. (2015). Picky/fussy eating in children: Review of definitions, assessment, prevalence and dietary intakes. Appetite, 95, 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.026
Verra, S., Poelman, M., Mudd, A., de Vet, E., de Wit, J., & Kamphuis, C. (2023). Socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health and food consumption: the mediating roles of daily hassles and the perceived importance of health. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15077-0.
Welker, E., Jacquier, E., Catellier, D., Anater, A., & Story, M. (2018). Room for Improvement Remains in Food Consumption Patterns of Young Children Aged 2-4 Years. The Journal of nutrition, 148(9S), 1536S–1546S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxx053.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sheryl Ramirez, Safiya Ouabed, Elijah Arvhin Mendoza, Mikee Nathalie De Los Santos, Alyssa Ricci Domingo, Gail Michelle Erese, Andrea Maungca, Arielle Ann Ortuoste, Frances Diamond Pineda, Amber Jane Riel, Jermaine Sivilla

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Diversitas Journal expresses that the articles are the sole responsibility of the Authors, who are familiar with Brazilian and international legislation.
Articles are peer-reviewed and care should be taken to warn of the possible incidence of plagiarism. However, plagiarism is an indisputable action by the authors.
The violation of copyright is a crime, provided for in article 184 of the Brazilian Penal Code: “Art. 184 Violating copyright and related rights: Penalty - detention, from 3 (three) months to 1 (one) year, or fine. § 1 If the violation consists of total or partial reproduction, for the purpose of direct or indirect profit, by any means or process, of intellectual work, interpretation, performance or phonogram, without the express authorization of the author, the performer, the producer , as the case may be, or whoever represents them: Penalty - imprisonment, from 2 (two) to 4 (four) years, and a fine. ”











